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Annals of Clinical & Laboratory Science 35:115-120 (2005)
© 2005 Association of Clinical Scientists

Inhibitory Effects of Cadmium on Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Proliferation and Cytokine Release Are Reversed by Zinc and Selenium Salts

Paolo Boscolo1, Luca Di Giampaolo1, Niu Qiao2, Marcella Reale3, Maria Luisa Castellani3, Isabella Lucci3, Paola Travaglini1, Mary Kouri1, Nicola Verna1, Anna Rita Volpe4, Marco Carmignani4, Roberto Paganelli1 and Mario Di Gioacchino1
1 Departments of Medicine and Sciences of Ageing and of 3 Oncology and Neurosciences, University G. D’Annunzio, Chieti, Italy; 2 Department of Occupational Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China; and 4 Department of Basic and Applied Biology, University of L’Aquila, Italy

Address correspondence to Professor Paolo Boscolo, Occupational Medicine, G. D’Annunzio University, Via dei Vestini, 66013 Chieti Scalo, Italy; tel 39 0871 355 6704; fax 39 0871 355 6747; e-mail boscolo{at}unich.it.

Zinc (Zn) and selenium (Se) exert regulatory activities on immune functions, while cadmium (Cd) is an immunotoxic agent. The object of this study was to detect effects of 10–4, 10–5, and 10–6 M Cd sulphate, Zn sulphate, and sodium selenite, and their combinations on human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) proliferation and IFN-{gamma} and TNF-{alpha} production. Only 10–5 M Zn sulphate significantly enhanced spontaneous PBMC proliferation, which was unaffected by the other salts. At 10–4 and 10–5 M, Cd sulphate exerted a dose-response inhibitory action on phytohemagglutinin- (PHA-) stimulated PBMC proliferation and cytokine release, while 10–4 M and 10–5 M Zn sulphate and 10–5 M sodium selenite induced a stimulatory effect on both proliferation and cytokine release; 10–4 M sodium selenite enhanced only the PBMC proliferation; at 10–6 M, none of the salts changed the PHA-stimulated immune activity. Moreover, 10–4 and 10–5 M Zn and 10–5 M Se strongly upregulated IFN-{gamma} (a Th1 cytokine) release, even in presence of 10–5 M Cd, and reduced the inhibitory effects of Cd on PBMC proliferation and TNF-{alpha} release. This study confirms that Zn and Se both strongly enhance cytokine release induced by mitogenic stimulation, showing also that Zn acts with a broader range of concentrations than Se. This suggests that dietary excess of Se may not have beneficial effects.

Keywords: zinc, selenium, cadmium, lymphocyte proliferation, cytokine, immunotoxicity






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